### Abstract

Measuring an entangled state of two particles is crucial to many quantum communication protocols. Yet Bell- state distinguishability using a finite apparatus obeying linear evolution and local measurement is theoretically limited. We extend known bounds for Bell-state distinguishability in one and two variables to the general case of entanglement in *n* two-state variables. We show that at most :mil:2^{n+1} - 1 classes out of :mil:4^{n} hyper-Bell states can be distinguished with one copy of the input state. With two copies, complete distinguishability is possible. We present optimal schemes in each case.

### Abstract

We demonstrate the operation of a device that can produce chitosan nanoparticles in a tunable size range from 50–300 nm with small size dispersion. A piezoelectric oscillator operated at megahertz frequencies is used to aerosolize a solution containing dissolved chitosan. The solvent is then evaporated from the aerosolized droplets in a heat pipe, leaving monodisperse nanoparticles to be collected. The nanoparticle size is controlled both by the concentration of the dissolved polymer and by the size of the aerosol droplets that are created. Our device can be used with any polymer or polymer/therapeutic combination that can be prepared in a homogeneous solution and vaporized.

#### From the Cover…

.. epigraph:: “Townsend has written an excellent book that someone needed to write for the modern physics textbook market. He has given it the same care that he gave to his excellent quantum mechanics book.” -- Jeff Dunham, Middlebury College .. epigraph:: “When I read this book I immediately adopted it for my sophomore modern physics class. This is the best introduction to quantum mechanics available.” -- B. Paul Padley, Rice University

#### From the Cover…

.. epigraph:: “Helliwell achieves a rare clarity. For instance, the derivation of the standard kinematic results starting from Einstein's postulates is outstandingly clear. Throughout he shows an unusual and sympathetic appreciation of the problems that are faced by the beginning student.” -- John Taylor, University of Colorado .. epigraph:: “*Special Relativity* is definitely much better than the books I have read on this topic, and I would recommend it to any instructor who plans to teach a course on this topic. For anyone teaching special relativity as a part of a Modern Physics course, this book offers valuable supplementary reading.” -- Shirvel Stanislaus, Valparaiso University

### Abstract

Absorption enhancement in thin metal-backed solar cells caused by dipole scatterers embedded in the absorbing layer is studied using a semi-analytical approach. The method accounts for changes in the radiation rate produced by layers above and below the dipole, and treats incoherently the subsequent scattering of light in guided modes from other dipoles. We find large absorption enhancements for strongly coupled dipoles, exceeding the ergodic limit in some configurations involving lossless dipoles. An antireflection-coated 100-nm layer of a-Si:H on Ag absorbs up to 87% of incident above-gap light. Thin layers of both strong and weak absorbers show similar strongly enhanced absorption.

# Recent Publications

Student authorFaculty author

21. Donna Phu, Lindsay S. Wray, Robert V. Warren, Richard C. Haskell, and Elizabeth Orwin, “Effect of Substrate Composition and Alignment on Corneal Cell Phenotype”, Tiss. Eng. A 17 (2011) 799–807. Neal C. Pisenti, Carl Philipp E. Gaebler, and Theresa W. Lynn, “Distinguishability of hyperentangled Bell states by linear evolution and local projective measurement”, Phys. Rev. A 84 (2011) 022340. Andrew P. Higginbotham, Thomas D. Donnelly, Shenda M. Baker, and Ian K. Wright, “Generation of Nanoparticles of Controlled Size Using Ultrasonic Piezoelectric Oscillators in Solution”, ACS Appl. Mat. and Int. 2 (2010) 2360-2364. John S. Townsend, Quantum Physics: a Fundamental Approach to Modern Physics, University Science Books, Sausalito (2010). Thomas Helliwell, Special Relativity, University Science Books, Sausalito (2010). Andrew P. Higginbotham, Octavi E. Semonin, Sandra A. Bruce, Clarence W. Chan, David A. Mann, M. Maurer, W. Bang, I. V. Churina, J. Osterholz, I. Kim, T. Ditmire, and Thomas D. Donnelly, “Generation of Mie size microdroplet aerosols with applications in laser-driven fusion experiments”, Rev. Sci. Inst. 80 (2009) 063503. Peter N. Saeta, Harry A. Atwater, Vivian E. Ferry, Jeremy N. Munday, and Domenico Pacifici, “How much can guided modes enhance absorption in thin solar cells?”, Opt. Expr. 17 (2009) 20975-20990. J. Parker, David W. Mar, J. R. Puzey, John H. Hankinson, Kevin P. Byram, C. Lee, Michael K. Mayeda, Richard C. Haskell, Qimin Yang, S. Greenfield, and R. Epstein, “Thermal links for the implementation of an optical refrigerator”, J. Appl. Phys. 105 (2009) 013116. S. Kneip, B. I. Cho, D. R. Symes, H. A. Sumeruk, G. Dyer, I. V. Churina, A. V. Belolipetski, A. Henig, O. Werhan, E. Förster, Thomas D. Donnelly, and T. Ditmire, “K-shell Spectroscopy of Plasmas Created by Intense Laser Irradiation of Micron-scale Cone and Sphere Targets”, High Energy Density Physics 4 (2008) 41-48. Junbo Park, S. M. Watson, Caitlin M. Furjanic, Dariya K. Draganova, M. J. Carey, J. A. Borchers, Chih-Yung Chen, Patricia D. Sparks, and James C. Eckert, “Probing the Effect of Structural Roughness on Domain Wall Formation in Spin Valves Using the Off-Specular Reflectivity Technique”, IEEE Trans. Magn. 44 (2008) 2839-2841.